Over the past 20 years, electricity consumption in the Asia-Pacific region has maintained rapid growth, with an average annual growth rate of 3%. The main new electricity demand comes from economies such as China, South Korea, Indonesia, Chinese Taipei, Mexico, and Vietnam. In terms of power supply structure, the Asia-Pacific region is primarily composed of coal-fired, gas-fired, and hydroelectric power, accounting for 42.1%, 19.4%, and 13.9% respectively. The coal-fired power share exceeds 15% in 14 economies, including China (69.2%), Hong Kong, China (63.7%), Australia (63.6%), Indonesia (54.6%), the Philippines (47.7%), Chinese Taipei (44.3%), Malaysia (44.1%), South Korea (42.1%), Chile (38.1%), Vietnam (37.8%), Japan (33.2%), the United States (31.5%), Thailand (19.8%), and Russia (15.7%). New Zealand, Canada, Peru, Vietnam, and Chile have power structures dominated by hydroelectric power. Singapore, Brunei, Thailand, Russia, Mexico, and Peru have power structures dominated by gas-fired power. Promoting clean and efficient coal-fired power generation technologies in the Asia-Pacific region is of great significance.

Analyzing the economic development, resource endowments, energy production and consumption, power energy composition, and energy development plans of various economies in the Asia-Pacific region, the future energy technology needs of developed economies in the region are as follows: Australia has needs for ultra-supercritical coal-fired, CFB (Circulating Fluidized Bed), and ultra-low emission coal-fired technologies. Canada may have some demand for ultra-low emission technologies in the future. Hong Kong, China has limited space for demand in clean coal-fired power generation and environmental protection retrofits. Japan has significant demand for ultra-supercritical and ultra-low emission technologies, but since its domestic power generation technologies are advanced, Chinese technologies need to leverage their cost advantages. South Korea will have significant demand for ultra-supercritical coal-fired and ultra-low emission technologies in the future. New Zealand has only limited space for renewable energy technology demand. Singapore will increase its demand for renewable energy technologies in the future, but the development space for clean coal-fired technologies is limited. Chinese Taipei will have significant demand for ultra-supercritical coal-fired and ultra-low emission technologies in the future. The United States has certain demand for ultra-low emission technology retrofits.

The future energy technology needs of less developed economies are as follows: Brunei has no demand for clean coal-fired power generation technologies. Chile has a need for ultra-low emission technologies. Indonesia will have significant demand space for ultra-supercritical coal-fired, CFB combustion, and ultra-low emission technologies. Malaysia will also have significant demand space for ultra-supercritical coal-fired, CFB combustion, and ultra-low emission technologies. Mexico has limited demand for ultra-low emission technologies. Papua New Guinea has great potential for future electricity demand but low demand for coal-fired power technologies. Peru has basically no demand for coal technologies. The Philippines has rapidly growing electricity demand and very large demand space for ultra-supercritical coal-fired, CFB coal-fired, and ultra-low emission technologies. Russia has the necessity to promote ultra-low emissions, but the progress will be relatively slow. Thailand has significant demand for ultra-supercritical coal-fired, CFB combustion, and ultra-low emission technologies. Vietnam has very large development space for ultra-supercritical coal-fired, CFB combustion, and ultra-low emission technologies.

Over the past 40 years of reform and opening up, China's power energy supply capacity has achieved leapfrog development. By the end of 2017, China's installed power generation capacity reached 1.777 billion kilowatts, with a total power generation of 641.71 billion kilowatt-hours. The per capita installed power generation capacity was 1.28 kilowatts, which were 31 times, 25 times, and 21 times those of 1978, respectively. By 2017, China's coal-fired power installed capacity reached 1.105 billion kilowatts (including 980 million kilowatts of coal-fired units), hydropower installed capacity reached 344 million kilowatts, wind power installed capacity reached 163 million kilowatts, solar power installed capacity reached 129 million kilowatts, and nuclear power installed capacity reached 35.82 million kilowatts. China ranked first in the world in installed capacity for coal-fired, hydropower, wind power, and photovoltaic power generation. The share of renewable energy sources such as hydropower, wind power, and solar power in total installed capacity rose from 24.6% in 2000 to 36.7% in 2017. By adjusting energy policies in a timely manner and continuously optimizing the power energy structure, China has improved energy utilization efficiency. By the end of 2017, the proportion of coal-fired units with 300,000 kilowatts and above in total coal-fired installed capacity had risen to 80%. In 2017, units of 300,000 kilowatts, 600,000 kilowatts, and 1,000,000 kilowatts accounted for 34.7%, 34.5%, and 10.2% of total coal-fired installed capacity, respectively. In 2017, the average coal consumption for power supply of coal-fired units dropped to 309 grams of standard coal per kilowatt-hour, and the water consumption per unit power generation of thermal power plants was 1.25 kg per watt-hour. Since 2010, coal consumption for power supply has decreased by 21 grams of standard coal per kilowatt-hour, saving more than 70 million tons of standard coal annually and reducing carbon dioxide emissions by approximately 2 billion tons. In 2017, national power sector emissions of dust, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides were approximately 260,000 tons, 1.2 million tons, and 1.14 million tons, respectively. The carbon dioxide emissions per kilowatt-hour of thermal power generation were about 844 grams, a decrease of 19.5% compared to 2005. China has made positive progress in developing ultra-supercritical coal-fired power, large-parameter circulating fluidized bed power, combined heat and power, ultra-low emission coal-fired power, and promoting overseas coal-fired power projects. The second phase of Taizhou Power Plant, with two 1,000 MW ultra-supercritical units, adopted advanced technologies such as double reheat to reduce power coal consumption to 256.91 g/kWh and 256.15 g/kWh. The second phase of Ninghai Power Plant, with two 1,000 MW units, achieved five domestic firsts. After ultra-low emission, the emission indicators far exceeded environmental protection requirements. The Bai Ma 600 MW circulating fluidized bed demonstration project fully utilized independently developed intellectual property technology, making it the world's first 600 MW grade circulating fluidized bed unit and the largest single-unit circulating fluidized bed unit. The Jiangsu Huamei Thermal Power Project, with two 350 MW units, adopted an ultra-supercritical, single-furnace, once intermediate reheat, solid slagging, circulating fluidized bed boiler independently developed by Oriental Boiler Factory. It achieved world-leading ultra-low NOx emission indicators without SCR and without SNCR denitrification systems. Technical highlights include optimized contraction ratio technology along the depth direction of the boiler furnace lower part, high-position secondary air oxygen control technology, multi-parallel expanded water wall technology, distributor plate zoning technology, and stable continuous coal feeding technology under variable load conditions. The Dalian Development Zone Thermal Power Plant, with two 350 MW supercritical coal-fired units, achieved thermal-electric decoupling through transform. Sanhe Power Plant implemented various measures to build a demonstration plant for 'near-zero emissions'; Zhoushan Power Plant was the first in China to achieve 'near-zero emissions'. The South Sumatra Electricity Project in Indonesia, China's first overseas investment coal-fired integrated IPP project, set the record for the longest continuous operation cycle of Chinese units after commissioning in Indonesia and is one of the backbone thermal power plants of the South Sumatra Grid. These series of clean and efficient coal-fired power projects fully demonstrate that China has taken the world lead in developing clean and efficient coal-fired power.

Based on the development of China's coal-fired power technology and the energy development needs of APEC economies, a promotion plan for clean and efficient coal-fired power technology is proposed. Developing economies such as Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines are in an ascending phase of economic development with rapidly growing electricity demand and a strong need for low-cost power generation technologies. Compared to technologies from the United States and Japan, China's clean coal-fired power technology offers cost advantages, making it suitable for promoting ultra-supercritical coal-fired power technology in these economies. Additionally, circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustion technology can be promoted in coal-producing economies like Vietnam, Indonesia, and Thailand. Considering the sensitivity of each economy to power generation costs and their environmental concerns, desulfurization and denitrification processes can be appropriately adjusted to ensure economic viability while meeting environmental requirements. Technical designs for ultra-low emission retrofits should be prepared, and retrofitting space should be reserved. In Russia, Mexico, and Chile, small-capacity clean coal-fired power technology and ultra-low emission technologies can be promoted. The promotion of clean coal-fired power technology can be temporarily suspended in Brunei, Peru, and Papua New Guinea.

In the base scenario, developed economies such as Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, New Zealand, Chinese Taipei, and the United States will see a reduction in coal-fired power capacity and generation by 2030 compared to 2016. Among developed economies, only Japan, South Korea, and Singapore will experience increases in coal-fired power capacity and generation. Developing economies will all see an increase in coal-fired power capacity by 2030 compared to 2016, with particularly rapid growth in Southeast Asian economies such as Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Thailand. In the low-development scenario, renewable energy generation technologies will develop rapidly across all economies, while coal consumption growth is generally curbed, with only Chile, Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Thailand seeing increases in coal-fired power capacity. In the high-development scenario, coal-fired power technology will be widely valued and developed across APEC economies, with only developed economies such as Hong Kong, New Zealand, Chinese Taipei, and the United States experiencing reductions in coal-fired power capacity and generation by 2030 compared to 2016. Renewable energy generation technologies will still develop relatively quickly in this scenario, with most economies increasing their renewable energy capacity and generation. When formulating energy development strategies, economies in the Asia-Pacific region, especially developing ones, should base their choices on their own resource endowments and select appropriate power energy development paths.

近20年来，亚太地区电力消费量保持快速增长，年均增速3%，其中新增电力需求主要来自中国、韩国、印度尼西亚、中国台北、墨西哥、越南等经济体。从电力供应结构看，亚太地区以煤电、气电和水电为主，占比分别为42.1%、19.4%和13.9%。14个经济体的煤电占比超过15%，包括中国69.2%、中国香港63.7%、澳大利亚63.6%、印尼54.6%、菲律宾47.7%、中国台北44.3%、马来西亚44.1%、韩国42.1%、智利38.1%、越南37.8%、日本33.2%、美国31.5%、泰国 19.8%和俄罗斯 15.7%。新西兰、加拿大、秘鲁、越南和智利的电力结构以水电为主。新加坡、文莱、泰国、俄罗斯、墨西哥和秘鲁的电力结构以气电为主。在亚太地区推广清洁高效燃煤发电技术具有重要的意义。

从亚太地区各经济体的经济发展、资源禀赋、能源生产和消费情况、电力能源构成及能源发展规划等方面的情况分析，亚太地区发达经济体未来的能源技术需求表现为:澳大利亚需求超超临界燃煤技术、CFB技术和超低排放技术等方面的煤电技术;加拿大未来可能对超低排放技术等有一定需求;中国香港对清洁燃煤发电技术和环保改造需求空间有限;对超超临界发电技术和超低排放技术在日本有较大需求，但日本本国发电技术先进，中国技术需发挥经济性优势;韩国未来对超超临界燃煤技术和超低排放技术有较大需求;新西兰仅有可再生能源技术的需求空间;新加坡未来会增加可再生能源技术，清洁煤电技术发展空间有限;中国台北未来对于超超临界燃煤发电技术和超低排放技术将有较大需求;美国对超低排放技术改告有一定的需求。

不发达经济体未来的能源技术需求表现为:文莱对清洁燃煤发电技术无需求;智利对超低排放技术有需要;印尼未来对超超临界燃煤技术、CFB燃烧技术、超低排放技术都有很大的需求空间;马来西亚对超超临界燃煤技术、CFB燃烧技术、超低排放技术都有很大的需求空间;墨西哥对超低排放技术有少量需求;巴布新几内亚未来电力需求潜力很大，但对燃煤发电技术需求不高;秘鲁对煤炭技术基本无需求;菲律宾电力需求快速增长，对超超临界燃煤发电技术、CFB燃煤发电技术和超低排放技术都有非常大的需求空间;俄罗斯有推进超低排放的必要性，但进度会相对于缓慢;泰国对超超临界燃煤发电技术、CFB燃烧技术、超低排放技术等在泰国都有很大需求;超超临界燃煤发电技术、CFB燃烧技术、超低排放技术等在越南有非常大的发展空间。

改革开放40年来，中国的电力能源供给能力实现跨越式发展。2017年底，中国装机容量达到17.77亿千瓦，发电量64171亿千瓦时，人均发电装机容量1.28千瓦，分别是1978年的31倍、25倍、21倍。2017年中国火电装机规模达到11.05亿千瓦(煤电机组9.8亿千瓦)，水电装机达3.44亿千瓦，风电装机规模达1.63亿千瓦，太阳能发电装机达1.29亿千瓦，核电装机达3582万千瓦。火电、水电、风电和光伏发电装机均居世界首位，水电、风电和太阳能等可再生能源装机占比从2000年的24.6%上升至2017年的 36.7%。中国通过与时俱进调整能源政策，不断优化电力能源结构，提高能源利用效率。2017年底30万及以上火电机组占火电装机的比例上升至80%，2017年30万千瓦、60万千瓦等级机组和100万等级分别占火电总装机容量的34.7%、34.5%和10.2%。2017年火电机组平均供电煤耗降至309克标煤/千瓦时，火电厂单位发电水耗1.25kg/Wh，2010年以来累计降低了21克标煤/千瓦时，年节约标煤7000万吨以上，减排二氧化碳约2亿吨。2017年，全国电力烟尘、二氧化硫和氮氧化物排放量分别约为26万吨、120万吨和114万吨，单位火电发电量二氧化碳排放约844克/千瓦时，比2005年下降19.5%。中国在发展超超临界煤电、大参数循环流化床发电、热电联产、燃煤超低排放发电和海外煤电项目推广等方面取得了积极成绩。泰州电厂二期2X1000MW 超超临界机组采用二次再热等先进技术将发电煤耗降低至256.91g/kWh、256.15g/kWh。宁海电厂二期2X1000MW项目实现五项国内首创，机组通过超低排放改造，排放指标远优于环保要求。白马600MW循环流化床示范项目完全采用自主知识产权技术，是世界首台600MW 等级循环流化床机组，也是单机容量最大的循环流化床机组。江苏华美热电2X350MW项目采用东方锅炉厂自主研发的超临界、单炉膛、一次中间再热、固态排渣、循环流化床锅，在取消SCR且不投SNCR脱硝系统NOx超低排放指标世界领先，技术亮点包括锅炉炉膛下部沿深度方向优化收缩比技术、高位二次风氧量控制技术、多并联扩展水冷壁技术、布风板分区技术、变负荷工况下稳定连续给煤技术等。大连开发区热电厂2X350MW超临界燃煤机组通过改造实现热电解耦。三河电厂通过多种举措，打造“近零排放”改造示范电厂;舟山电厂在国内率先实现“近零排放”。印尼南苏电是中国第一个海外投资的煤电一体化IPP项目，在印尼创造中国机组投产后连续运行周期最长的记录，是印尼南苏电网骨干火电厂之一。上述一系列的清洁高效煤电项目实践充分说明，中国在发展清洁高效煤电方面已走在世界前列。

结合中国煤电技术发展情况和APEC地区各经济体的能源发展需求，提出清洁高效燃煤发电技术推广方案:越南、印尼、马来西亚、泰国、菲律宾等发展中经济体经济发展处于上升期，电力需求增长迅猛，对低成本发电技术需求强烈。相比于美国和日本技术，中国的清洁燃煤发电技术具有成本优势，因此可以在上述几个经济体推广超超临界燃煤发电技术;并在越南、印尼和泰国等产煤经济体推广CFB燃烧技术。鉴于各经济体对发电成本的敏感性以及环保的关注度，可在满足各经济体环保要求下适当调整脱硫脱硝等流程以保证经济性，并做好超低排放改造的技术设计并预留改造空间。在俄罗斯、墨西哥和智利可推广小容量清洁燃煤发电技术以及超低排放技术;在文莱、秘鲁、巴布新几内亚等经济体暂缓推广清洁燃煤发电技术。

基础情景下，澳大利亚、加拿大、香港、新西兰、中国台北和美国等发达经济体的2030年煤电装机容量和发电量较2016年都有所减少。发达经济体中仅日本、韩国和新加坡煤电装机容量和发电量有所增加。发展中经济体2030年煤电装机均较2016年有所增加，尤其以越南、印度尼西亚、菲律宾、马来西亚、泰国等东南亚经济体煤电装机容量增长迅猛;低发展前景下，可再生能源发电技术在各经济体中迅猛发展;而煤电的消费增长普遍得到了遏制，仅有智利、越南、印度尼西亚、菲律宾、马来西亚、泰国等经济体煤电装机容量有所增加;在高发展情景下，煤电技术在亚太各经济体中普遍得到了重视和发展，仅中国香港、新西兰、中国台北和美国等发达经济体的2030年煤电装机容量和发电量比2016年有所减少。在此情景下，可再生能源发电技术仍然得到了较快发展，各经济体普遍增加了可再生能源的装机容量和发电量。亚太地区的各经济体，特别是发展中经济体，在确立能源发展战略时，应立足自身资源禀赋，选择适宜的电力能源发展路径。